Síndrome de Burnout en docentes de Licenciaturas de la salud del Edificio Polivalente Parque Batlle de la Udelar en 2022 / Burnout syndrome in health degree teachers of Edificio Polivalente Parque Batlle of Udelar in 2022 / Síndrome de Burnout em docentes do curso de saúde do Edifício Polivalente Parque Batlle da Udelar em 2022

El síndrome de Burnout también conocido con el término "de estar quemado" afecta de manera negativa la calidad de vida, salud mental y laboral del personal de salud, éste se pudo ver afectado en el período post pandemia, dado que la emergencia sanitara generó mayor estrés, manteniendo a las personas es un estado de alerta constante. Objetivo: explorar la prevalencia y factores asociados al Síndrome de Burnout en docentes de las Licenciaturas de las Ciencias de la Salud que se desarrollan en el Edificio Polivalente Parque Batlle de la Udelar durante el año 2022. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal. Población objetivo: docentes de las Licenciaturas de las Ciencias de la Salud de la Udelar, a los que se aplicó un cuestionario anónimo y auto administrado. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la Escuela de Nutrición. Todos los participantes dieron su consentimiento informado. Resultados: de un universo de 820 docentes, respondieron 145, predominando el sexo femenino. El 52 % con edades entre 18 y 40 años. Al evaluar los factores de Escala de Maslach encontramos que el 45 % presentó Cansancio Emocional Alto, seguido de un 18 %de Realización Personal Bajo y un 10 % de Despersonalización Alto. Dos participantes presentan las tres dimensiones de riesgo, corresponde a una prevalencia de 1.4 %. Conclusiones: si bien la prevalencia de Burnout fue baja en la serie estudiada, es importante destacar el elevado porcentaje de la dimensión cansancio emocional, el cual se refleja en una sobrecarga emocional generada por el trabajo.

Burnout syndrome, also known by the term "being burned" negatively affects the quality of life, mental health and work of health personnel, this could be affected in the post-pandemic period, since the health emergency generated greater stress , keeping people is a constant state of alert. Objective: to explore the prevalence and factors associated with Burnout Syndrome in teachers of the Health Sciences Degrees that are developed in the Parque Batlle la Udelar Multipurpose Building during the year 2022.Methodology: a descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out. Target population: professors of the Udelar Health Sciences Degrees, to whom an anonymous and self-administered questionnaire was applied. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Nutrition. All participants gave their informed consent. Results: from a universe of 820 teachers, 145 responded, predominantly female. 52 % aged between 18 and 40 years. When evaluating the Maslach Scale factors, we found that 45 %presented High Emotional Fatigue, followed by 18 % of Low Personal Realization and 10% of High Depersonalization. Two participants presented the three dimensions of risk, corresponding to a prevalence of 1.4 %.Conclusions: although the prevalence of Burnout was low in the series studied, it is important to highlight the high percentage of the emotional exhaustion dimension, which is reflected in an emotional overload generated by work.

A síndrome de Burnout, também conhecida pelo termo "ser queimado" afeta negativamente a qualidade de vida, a saúde mental e o trabalho do pessoal de saúde, podendo ser afetado no período pós-pandemia, pois a emergência sanitária gerou maior estresse, manter as pessoas é um problema constante estado de alerta. Objetivo: explorar a prevalência e os fatores associados à Síndrome de Burnout em professores das Licenciaturas em Ciências da Saúde que se desenvolvem no Edifício Multiuso Parque Batlle de la Udelar durante o ano de 2022.Metodologia: estudo descritivo, transversal e observacional. População-alvo: docentes dos Cursos de Ciências da Saúde da Udelar, aos quais foi aplicado um questionário anônimo e autoaplicável. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Escola de Nutrição. Todos os participantes deram o seu consentimento informado. Resultados: de um universo de 820 professores, 145 responderam, predominantemente do sexo feminino, 52 % com idade entre 18 e 40 anos. Ao avaliar os fatores da Escala de Maslach, verificamos que 45 % apresentaram Alta Fadiga Emocional, seguidos de 18 % de Baixa Realização Pessoal e 10 % de Alta Despersonalização. Dois participantes apresentaram as três dimensões de risco, correspondendo a uma prevalência de 1,4 %.Conclusões: embora a prevalência de Burnout tenha sido baixa na série estudada, é importante destacar o alto percentual da dimensão exaustão emocional, que se reflete em uma sobrecarga emocional gerada pelo trabalho.

Propuesta de un modelo integral de accountability para la educación superior en Chile / Proposal of an integral model of accountability for higher education in Chile

Resumen: Depositarías de la confianza de la ciudadanía y del Estado, las instituciones de educación superior han desarrollado su misión de formación e investigación dentro de un contexto acotado. En la actualidad, hay una demanda de parte del Estado y la ciudadanía de una mayor participación y supervisión del sistema de educación superior, para la mejora de la calidad de la educación impartida, de una parte, y, de otra, para dar cuenta de los recursos públicos invertidos en educación superior. En este contexto, este trabajo propone un modelo integral de rendición de cuentas para la educación superior en Chile. Su objetivo es proponer dicho modelo como herramienta de evaluación de las políticas públicas en educación superior, para que esta contribuya productivamente a las actividades económicas del país. Como pondremos de manifiesto en el trabajo, la rendición de cuentas no sólo se limita al aspecto financiero, sino que incorpora muchas otros aspectos tales como la autoridad y gobierno, la responsabilidad social, la democracia y la participación, la probidad y la transparencia informativa, la política y la ética, entre otras.

Abstract: Depositary trust of citizens and the state, higher education institu tions have developed their mission training and research within a limited context. At present, there is a demand from the state and citizens of increased participation and supervision system of higher education, to improve the quality of education provided in one hand and another to account for public funds invested in higher educa tion. In this context, this paper proposes a comprehensive model of accountability for higher education in Chile. Its purpose is to propose such a model as a tool for assessing public policies in higher educa tion, for higher education to contribute productively to the eco nomic activities of the country. As we will show at work, account ability is not only limited to the financial aspect, but incorporates many other aspects such as the authority and governance, social responsibility, democracy and participation, probity and transpar ency of information, politics and ethics, among others.

Acute corneal edema without epithelium compromise. A case report and literature review / Edema de córnea agudo sin compromiso epitelial. Reporte de caso y revisión de literatura

Abstract Acute corneal edema is caused by various factors, with different levels of severity, and various forms of presentation. This paper reports the case of a male patient presenting with acute corneal edema without epithelium compromise, whose clinical picture, ophthalmological examination and additional tests did not reveal its etiology. Also, a review of available literature was conducted looking for all known causes of acute corneal edema, which are classified according to the etiology of the corneal edema into injury or inflammation of the corneal epithelium or stroma, endothelial dysfunction or increase in intraocular pressure.

Resumen El edema de córnea es una entidad que se produce por un gran número de causas y tiene diversas formas de presentación y diferentes grados de afección. En este artículo se reporta el caso de un hombre con edema de córnea agudo sin compromiso epitelial, en el que el cuadro clínico, el examen oftalmológico y los estudios de extensión no lograron establecer su etiología. Además, se hace una revisión de la literatura disponible respecto a todas las posibles causas de edema de córnea agudo, agrupándolas en aquellas que ocasionan el edema por lesión o inflamación epitelial o estromal, por disfunción endotelial o por un aumento en la presión intraocular.

Construcción de un indicador líder compuesto para el Maule / Construction of a composite leading indicator for Maule

En términos generales, la investigación tiene como objetivo crear un indicador económico para el Maule que permita anticiparse al devenir de su ciclo económico, en consideración de sus principales actividades productivas. En específico, se pretende someter a pruebas estadísticas de significancia y validez a las principales series económicas de la región, de manera tal de seleccionar, por un lado, una serie de referencia de la actividad económica y, por otro, las series componentes del indicador. La metodología utilizada es aquella aplicada por la Nacional Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) en la creación de este tipo de indicadores para los países integrantes de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE). Como resultado de la investigación se logra seleccionar y validar empíricamente como serie de referencia para el Maule, al Índice de Actividad Económica Regional (INACER), y a las siguientes series componentes del indicador; ocupados, cesantes, buscan trabajo por primera vez, inactivos, edificación aprobada total obras nuevas y total de exportaciones. Con tales series, se construye un indicador predictivo del comportamiento económico para la región, denominado Índice Líder Compuesto para el Maule (ILCM).

Overall, the research aims to create an economic indicator for the Maule that allows anticipate the evolution of the economic cycle, in consideration of its main productive activities. Specifically, it aims to test statistical significance and validity to the main economic series in the region, so as to select the one hand, a number of reference of economic activity and other components series indicator. The methodology used is that applied by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) in the creation of this type of indicators for the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). As a result of the research is done select and validate empirically as reference series for the Maule, the Regional Economic Activity Index (INACER), and the following components of the indicator series; employed, unemployed, seeking work for the first time, inactive, all new approved building works Total exports. With such series, a predictive indicator of economic performance for the region, called for the Maule Composite Index (ILCM) Leader is built.

Rentabilidad del trabajo en Chile: análisis de la evolución de los retornos por nivel educativo / Performance of the work in Chile: analysis of the evolution of returns by education level

La presente investigación tiene como propósito realizar un análisis econométrico de la rentabilidad del trabajo calificado en Chile, tanto a nivel general como para sus distintos niveles formativos, con especial referencia en el nivel de educación superior. El análisis de los datos se efectuó considerando la clásica ecuación de ingresos de Mincer, adaptada a través del método spline para determinar las rentabilidades de cada nivel formativo. Se trabaja con datos de panel de corte transversal incluyendo los años 1992, 2000, 2009 y 2011, obtenidos de la Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN). Los resultados destacan que el nivel de educación superior en Chile es el sector más rentable de los distintos niveles educativos, considerando todos los años estudiados.

This research deals with the econometric analysis of the profitability of qualified Chile, both as to its various educational levels generally, with special reference to higher education level work. As a methodology, classical Mincer earnings equation, adapted through the spline method for determining the profitability of each training level is used. Working with panel data from cross section for the years 1992, 2000, 2009 and 2011, obtained from the Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN). As resulting emphasize that higher education in Chile is the most profitable of the different educational levels for all years studied.

Eventos adversos en la terapia farmacológica de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal / Adverse events associated with the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Background: The purpose of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment is to achieve resolution of symptoms and remission of disease with a minimum of adverse events (AE). Aim: To report AE of different prescriptions used for the treatment of IBD. Material and Methods: Analysis of a registry of patients with IBD held at a private clinic from 1976 to 2013. All used medications, the occurrence and severity of AE were recorded. Results: The records of 346 patients aged 16 to 86 years, 74% with ulcerative colitis, were analyzed. The most commonly type of medications prescribed were 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASAs) in 329 patients (92%), followed by adrenal steroids in 218 (61%). Forty nine AE were recorded in the same number of patents (14%). These were more common in patients with Crohn disease (n = 19, 21%). An univariate analysis, demonstrated that extra-intestinal manifestations, hospitalizations secondary to IBD crisis, requirement of surgery and treatment with steroids, immunosuppressants or biologic agents were significantly associated with the presence of AE. AEs were more common with immunosuppressants, followed by 5-ASAs and steroids. Discontinuation of therapy was required in 79, 100 and 43% of patients taking these medications, respectively. Twenty percent of AEs were severe. Leukopenia and pancytopenia along with alopecia were the most common AEs attributable to azathioprine. Conclusions: The occurrence of AEs in patients with IBD is uncommon. Even inmunosuppressants or biologic agents have a low rate of AE and most of them mild.

Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal a partir de una experiencia local / Inflammatory bowel disease. Experience in 316 patients

Background: The incidence and prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) has increased. Aim: To determine demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with IBD in a Chilean private hospital. Patients and Methods: Review of a prospective registry of patients with IBD, started on 2012. It includes clinical, imaging, endoscopical and pathological information of patients. Results: Data of 316 patients with IBD, aged 16 to 86 years (56% females), were analyzed. Ulcerative Colitis (UC), Crohn´s and non-classifiable IBD were diagnosed in 230, 77 and 9 patients, respectively. The disease was diagnosed in 82% of patients in the period between 2002 and 2012. There was a peak in the diagnosis of both UC and CD between 20 and 39 years of age, without gender differences. The disease switched from UC to CD in six patients. In four, there was a change in disease behavior. Thirty eight patients were treated with biological therapy. The median lapse between the diagnosis and the use of biological therapy was 1 year in patients diagnosed after 2007, compared with 5.5 years among those patients diagnosed before 2007 (p = 0.001). There was a trend towards a higher requirement of surgery until 2006. Subsequently there was a stabilization of the requirement, concomitant with the incorporation of biological therapy. Conclusions: An adequate registry of IBD patients is necessary to improve demographic and clinical characteristics. A national registry is needed to assess the epidemiological changes of IBD in Chile.

Estudio empírico del trabajo calificado en Chile: productividad y remuneraciones / Empirical study in qualified work in Chile: Productivity and remunerations

EL OBJETIVO del estudio es contrastar las hipótesis más recurrentes en la literatura económica respecto de la productividad y las remuneraciones del trabajo calificado en Chile. Para ello se analiza y evalúa la relación de largo plazo entre las variables productividad y remuneraciones para el trabajo calificado, utilizando series de tiempo que comprenden el período 1990-2009. Los resultados dan cuenta de la estacionariedad de los residuos, lo que implica que las variables no están cointegradas. Por lo que se puede concluir que no existe evidencia empírica, para el caso de Chile, de relaciones de largo plazo entre las variables estudiadas, aunque se observa un aumento significativo de la brecha de ingresos entre los trabajadores cualificados y los que no lo son.

THE OBJECTIVE of the study is to compare the most frequent hypothesis in economic literature on productivity and wages of skilled labor in Chile. This is analyzed and evaluated the long-term relationship between the variables productivity and wages for skilled labor, using time series comprising 1990-2009. The results show stationarity of waste, which means that the variables are not cointegrated. As can be concluded that there is no empirical evidence for the case of Chile, for long-term relationships between the variables studied, although a significant increase in the income gap between skilled workers and those that are not observed.

Linfoma relacionado a infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en un hospital público de Santiago, Chile / HIV-related lymphoma in a public hospital in Chile. Analysis of 55 cases

Background: Cancer is the third cause of death in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and lymphoma is the most common type. Aim: To describe the clinical characteristics, histology, risk factors and prognosis of these patients, in a Chilean public hospital in Chile. Material and Methods: Records of 55 patients (45 males) aged between 23 and 67years with lymphoma and HIV positive serology, diagnosed between 1992-2008, were reviewed. Results: Six patients (11%) had Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and the rest, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). B-cell phenotype constituted 83.7% of NHL cases. The most common subtypes of all the lymphoma were diffuse large B cell lymphoma in 24 cases (43.6%), Burkitt lym-phoma in 12 cases (21.8%), andplasmablastic lymphoma in 5 cases (9.1%). Thirty five patients (64%) underwent curative intended chemotherapy (CT) concomitantly with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Three year survival of the whole cohort was 27%. By multivariate analysis, the most important prognostic factors for long term survival, were complete responses to CT, (p < 0.01) and a low international prognostic index (IPI) score for NHL, (p = 0.01). HAART, histologic subtype and CD4 lymphocyte count at diagnosis, did not influence survival. Conclusions: The most important prognostic factors for HIV patients with lymphoma, were achieving CR with CT and low IPI score. Prognosis remains poor, even with HAART therapy.

Estudio comparativo de la evolución económica y social de la región del Maule: producción y empleo, año 2010 / Comparative study of economic and social development of the Maule region: production and employment, year 2010

En el presente documento se realiza un análisis de la evolución económica y social de la Región del Maule luego de la catástrofe sufrida a principios del 2010, en comparación con las demás regiones del país. En particular, se pretende dar cuenta de las variaciones en la actividad económica y su impacto en el empleo. Este análisis no es trivial, dado que el escenario macroeconómico que debió enfrentar la economía chilena el año recién pasado distó brutalmente de todas las proyecciones económicas realizadas. El terremoto y maremoto que afectó a gran parte del país, con especial fuerza destructiva en las regiones de O’Higgins, Maule y Bío-Bío [estas tres regiones generan alrededor del 16 por ciento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) Nacional y un 20 por ciento del empleo del país], tuvo mucha implicancia en la actividad económica y social de la Región del Maule, ya que no sólo impactó su infraestructura productiva, sino que fundamentalmente su “infraestructura social” (esto último se denota sustancialmente en el acceso y calidad del empleo). Según los antecedentes recabados de la encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN 2009) (INE, 2009), la región del Maule es una de las que presenta los peores índices de desarrollo social en Chile, con precarias condiciones de protección laboral respecto a, entre otras variables, cotizaciones previsionales, acceso a la salud y, en general, al concepto amplio de “Calidad del Empleo”.

In the present paper, it is conducted an analysis of economic and social development of the Maule Region after the disaster at the beginning of 2010, compared to the rest of the Chilean regions. Particularly, this work aims to report the variations in the economic activity and its impact on employment. This analysis is not trivial because the macroeconomic scenario faced by Chile last year was a far cry from all the economic predictions. The earthquake and tsunami that affected a large part of the country, with special destructive power in the regions of O’Higgins, Maule and Bío-Bío (these three regions generate about 16percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 20percent of the national employment), had a lot of implications for the economic and social activity in the Maule Region, because they not only affected its productive infrastructure but also and mainly its “social infrastructure” (which can be observed substantially in the access to employment and job quality). According to the data collected by the Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional, CASEN 2009 (National Social and Economic Survey) (INE, 2009), the Maule Region has the worst social development indexes in Chile with precarious conditions of labor protection as for variables such as pension fund contributions, access to health and in general to the broad concept of “Quality in Work”, among others.

Experiencia inicial con trasplante hepático [simposio] / Initial experience with liver transplantation [symposium]

Antecedentes. El programa de trasplantes del HGCMNR inició sus actividades en 1994; a la fecha se han realizado 220 trasplantes renales, 20 cardiacos y cinco hepáticos. Objetivo. Informar de la experiencia inicial con Trasplante de Hígado (TH) a partir de julio de 1996. Pacientes y métodos. Se incluyen cinco pacientes (cuatro adultos y una niña), todos con enfermedad hepática terminal, en quienes se realizó TH ortotópico de donador cadavérico (CAD). Resultados. Los cinco injertos fueron procurados sin incidentes y perfundidos con solución UW1/MPS. La hepatectomía fue tipo "Piggy bag" en dos casos y en otros dos pacientes se requirió de puente venoso. Cuatro pacientes sobrevivieron al procedimiento y dos están vivos a tres y ocho meses, respectivamente. Conclusiones. El TH es una realidad terapéutica para enfermos con padecimientos hepáticos (etapa preterminal) progresivos e incurables. La organización de un programa con metas realistas y definidas es prioritario